Management for the service sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management for the service sector - Essay Example One of the best decisions recently made for the company, was its approach to do without franchisees and keep its stores company owned. The depth of management resources is what makes Starbucks different from small businesses. There are other similar companies that will spend up to approximately $300 million dollars per year, just in marketing, where as Starbucks will only spend 1 percent of its revenues (approximately $30 million) in both advertising and marketing. Starbucks utilizes their marketing and advertising dollars towards new products that are ready to come out or new coffee flavors and ideas. Starbucks has no doubt that their employees are one of their most important assets to the company. Their workforce is able to manage and maintain a competitive advantage. Pride in their workforce was produced through an empowering corporate culture; outstanding employee benefits and employee stock ownership programs. Being able to make decisions on their own without first having to report to management is empowering and motivating for the employees. They are encouraged to think for themselves as an entity of the business. Your mind unconsciously filters our most of what is going on around you. At some level of perception, your mind is aware of certain things. Perception is a persons mental image of the world. One of Starbucks biggest concerns is with customers perception. The customers perception of the way employees behave, greet them and even the way that handle their money has a lot to do with getting them to buy a $3.00 cup of coffee (Schultz & Dori 1997 p 14). One of the great challenges Starbucks faces is to create a perception of quality in order to get customers to pay the price they want charge. For many people, a brand is perception. People perceive Starbucks to be a great place to sit down in a comfortable, relaxing atmosphere. The perception, leading to the experience, provides customers with an unforgettable

Organizational Behaviour Case Study Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behaviour Case Study Essay Cases: Automation in the Book Store and The Night Owl Answering Service Part 1) The field of Organizational Behavior is one that is very important when it comes to managing people and to make them work effectively. This begins with training. In order to understand these cases it is important to look at both the structure and environment of the company. In the case of the Automation in the Book Store, the company is a medium sized bookstore. Because this company is a bookstore with very few employees there is not a high level of formalization, less specialization and less authority. Therefore, it has an organic structure. Employees dont have a lot procedures and rules that they must abide by while doing their jobs. In fact the initial company policy required employees to stay with the customer they were serving from the time they walked into the store until the sale was made. Also, there was not a great deal of standardization in that there was not a set procedure on how employees did their work, rather it was a freer organization because there were very few employees and this resulted in greater flexibility. Look more:Â  starbuck problem essay These facts all changed once the new computer system was implemented. This system presented employees with some degree of formalization and standardization in their jobs because now there were precise rules and procedures on how to deal with customers. This includes entering an ID number every time a sale was made and closing the store with the system. Also, because this bookstore was not use to high levels of formalization in the past, the implementation of the training program was affected. There were no instructions on how to close at the end of the day in training. The manager had to come in and prepare a hand-written set of instructions about this routine. This is a sign of bad design and implementation. Also, because the company is more centralized than decentralized, the management must follow head offices requests. This is the exact same thing with employees who must listen to the manager even though the employees were apprehensive, particularly the older staff, about new sys tem. Again, the design of the training program, which was quoted as pretty skimpy and patronizing, was another sign of poor design. However, because the structure of the company was somewhat centralized they had to the training according to the way head office and management wanted. The structure of The Night Owl Answering Services was that it was between mechanistic and organic. This call center was more mechanistic because it was more centralized and more specialization where each individual had a specific role. Bob was responsible for technology, sales and marketing. Mary was responsible for training. This type of structure affected the training because of specialization. Nobody else was responsible for training, so when Mary passed away, everyone else specialized in a different area which left training to be an open mess. Only Mary knew the system the best because she specialized in this. This left the company scrambling to recover and in turn designed a training program that proved to be ineffective and poorly implemented. There was only one lady responsible for training. In the case of Automation in the Boo k Store and The Night Owl Answering Service it is important to look at the organizations environment. In these two cases, the organizations both faced environmental uncertainty. Every organization has the potential for environmental uncertainty. This uncertainty created a poor design for training. This was one of the major similarities in both of these cases. This is when management or people of the organization cant really predict what is going to happen. The cases with Automation in the Book Store and The Night Owl Answering Services had faced environmental uncertainty that prove to be frustrating and challenging. However, because both of these companies had static environments, that is a company that remain fairly stable over time and had the least amount of uncertainty, they were sensitive to change. In The Night Owl Answering Service the head of training, Mary, passed away. This was an unpredictable event. It was clearly evident that there was no back up to Mary. Because this company was so used to certainty, it caught them off guard, particularly Bob. In the medium size booksto re the company had followed the same procedures to ring up sales until it introduced its new system. It took one month for the company to adapt. Again, both companies trained employees in such a way that proved to be ineffective. This means these two organizations ability to adapt to environmental change was poor. Its also important to discuss external environmental factors or outside factors that have a direct effect on the company, which in turn affected training. The answering services company had a good reputation for customer service but when the senior operators started leaving they hired new people and trained very quickly to get people on the phone and take calls. Therefore, the external factor here would be the customer. In The Night Owl Answering Services the customer was always the number one priority because they had a prestige reputation on customer service they wanted to continue providing services in a timely manner. This directly affected the training design and implementation because trainers wanted the trainees on the phone as soon as possible to serve the clients of the company because they were short staffed. As a result of this, the trainers wanted to get trainees on the phone quickly which resulted in an implementation and design that proved to be ineffective. Trainees were expected to learn through trial and error style of training. Senior operators were forced to take calls and train at the same time. This resulted in slower operators and higher errors and more complaints to the call center, which lead to clients (external factor) leaving the call center and find business elsewhere. This company was so focused on getting trainees on the phone, they ignored the fact they lacked the basic phone etiquette and computer skills. Senior Management was continuously on the phone, with out breaks. In The Automation in the Book Store the external environment component that should be discussed is technology. Like every other company, it must keep up with technology and accept current business practices. They were entering an era where technology was becoming widespread and they needed a system to calculate the GST. This is a reason why the bookstore decided to take on the new computer system. The organizations employees were reluctant to have it but didnt have a choice and had to keep up with external technological factors. The company was highly sensitive to this environmental change, which was external, but when the system was implemented, it became an internal factor. There was systematic turbulence in this organization. There ability to adapt to systematic change, the new computer system would be considered systematic turbulence. Systematic turbulence looks at how a company deals with a change in the environment change. This is evident is the case with Automation in the Bookstore. . Part 2) Motivational effects are very important aspects of an organization. People have to be motivated to join and remain in organizations. They also have to carry out their basic work reliability in terms of productivity, quality, and services, requirements and should always interact to accomplish their goal. These are some examples that if were missing in an organization, employees and members of the company began to lose interest and be less motivated. This was the case with these two organizations. One of the major similarities was that both companies faced poor training design and implementation. In Automation in the Bookstore the training was boring and ineffective, which had motivational effects. Lisa was an employee who worked in a medium sized bookstore and was completely dissatisfied with the design of the training. Unfortunately, the training was a mandatory requirement to understand the new system. The first two days started off by having to watch two half an hour videos which Lisa found to be boring and insulting. On the third day of training it went downhill. The computer system was not on training mode the way it was suppose to be. Also, there were no instructions on how close at the end of the day. The manager had to come in and prepare handwritten set of instructions. This caused a lot of problems and created frustration for all members of the organization including management and head office, who wanted to assign blame to someone. The operation of the system was not going according to plan and this got the trainees upset and confused about the policies of the system. Some parts of the training were vague and the continuous frustration had negative motivational effects. Similarly, The Night Owl Answering Services faced great training problems when Mary died, that evidently created negative motivational problems. Bob was forced to take over training without much knowledge o f how to do so, which was also a big problem. Senior operators were forced to work extra hard with no breaks, while at the same time train a new person. New operators were poorly trained and did not know how to handle calls. All these factors started showing in the office environment. These factors inevitably caused negative motivational effects. For example, intrinsic motivations were clearly not met in this organization. Intrinsic is defined as the direct relationship between the worker and the task. In the call center the task was frustrating and created anxiety. If these factors werent here there would be more interested in the position. However, because the training was so poorly done, the intrinsic motivation factor was not being met and created less motivation. It is also important to discuss the Maslows Need Theory and how it applies to these two cases. The needs theory states: NEEDS BEHAVIOR INCENTIVE AND GOALS. Both of these organizations both fit the physiological needs, which include the basic human needs. In safety needs it includes freedom from anxiety, and a structured ordered environment. The safety needs were not bei ng met. Both organizations faced stress and anxiety, particularly the call center, which effected motivation. Results of poor motivation create poor quality of work. The training was poor and it would reflect on the quality of work being performed because they are no longer motivated to work with all the stress factors. Hertrzberg theory should be looked at as well. The first factor is the hygene factor. This includes relationship with fellow employees, security and other various factors. In order for employees to not feel less motivated or dissatisfied is if all these factors are in place. If all these factors are in place you will not feel unsatisfied but that doesnt necessarily mean that you will be satisfied. It just means not being unsatisfied. Both companies didnt even get past the hygene factor of just not being unsatisfied. The second factor of Hertzbergs theory talks about is motivation. This is a sense of achievement and recognition, which would play different in each company. This doesnt have a great effect on the bookstore because their situation was short term in compared to the call center. If the company cant even properly trained there is no chance of being recognized or feel a sense of achievement. The cases state that the trainees felt like they were being under attack by the senior staff. That would have a negative affect and create decrease motivation. There is no room for job enrichment that in turn means no enhancement in intrinsic motivation. Overall the similarities with respect to the training and the two companies were that of implementation and design. The training program was poor due to various reasons as stated in the report. One of the major differences to note was that the call center issue was a more complex problem and more of a long-term problem. The bookstore training was more of short-term problem. The problem only lasted about a month. Also another difference to note is that the bookstore had a smaller number of employees, so controlling the problem was a bit easier. In the call center there were various problems that were even more difficult to control because they had to meet client needs. In these two organizations there was lack of leadership. Particularly transformational leadership. This is when a leader makes his/her representative look beyond the task, or in this case the training, by observing the bigger picture or goal. Not doing this would negatively effect motivation because the individual will then began to purse his or her own self-interest. In the case of the The Night Owl Answering Service, when Mary passed away, nobody was able to step up and show leadership. Because this particularity affected training, the person responsible for training should have demonstrated leadership ethics to make them feel more positively motivated. Nobody had the leadership to motivate people to put forth their best efforts. There were no directive and supportive people in these organizations. The coaching was ineffective and the trainees had no proper direction. Automation in the bookstore did not face a great deal of leadership problems because again, it only employed about 6-8 people.

Symbolism In Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare

In William Shakespeare's Macbeth, symbolism plays a prominent role to emphasize the theme of corruption of power. Throughout the play there are several main symbols repeatedly used to emphasize this theme. The contrast of light and dark representing good and evil, blood representing guilt, murder, and pain, and the archetypal pattern of purification by using water represents removal of guilt, cleansing and peace. Symbolism is used repeatedly to emphasize the theme of corruption of power. The image of blood plays an important role throughout Macbeth. Blood represents the murders that Macbeth had committed, the guilt that went along with the murders and the pain that it brought on him during his downfall. The soldier describes the violence and bloodshed, in the war between Scotland and Norway, "Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds." (I. ii. 43) foreshadows the violent nature of the play filled with murder, guilt and pain. Blood in the murder of King Duncan also plays a major role because it represents Macbeth's guilt as well as his shame for slaying King Duncan. Macbeth observes his blood stained hands and remarks "As they had seen me with these hangman's hands." (II. ii. 28) This reveals his guilt and shame because he is comparing his hands to those of an executioner's. After the murder, Macbeth refuses to return back to the bed chamber of Kind Duncan to smear the blood on the sleeping guards, because he is afraid that the blood will incriminate him further. Lady Macbeth smearing the blood onto the guards represents them trying to rub their guilt off onto the guard. "I'll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt" (II. ii. 73) but this proves to be ineffective because Macbeth ends up murdering t... ... a dark setting used which involved supernatural events, while the light setting was used for last battle, when Macbeth was slain at the end to show the restoration of peace and honesty. Thus the symbolism of light and darkness representing good and evil in the play emphasizes the theme of corruption of power. In conclusion, symbolism is used to emphasize a theme through repetition and imagery. It is used to emphasize the theme of the corruption of power due to Macbeth's actions. Blood representing guilt, blood murder, and pain, the contrast of light and dark representing good and evil and the archetypal pattern of purification by using water representing removal of guilt, cleansing and peace are the main symbols used repeatedly to emphasize this theme. These symbols portray the theme effectively to allow the audience to grasp and involve themselves into the play.

War of 1812 :: essays research papers

List and discuss the events leading up to the War of 1812 and the impact it had on American and Great Britain relations, and the American economy. During Jefferson’s second term in office, fighting between Great Britain and France was posed as a threat to American shipping. Napoleon made the decision to exclude British goods from Europe. As a result, Great Britain decided to blockade Europe and prevent ships from entering or leaving the country. A year later, Britain confiscated American cargoes and seized more than a thousand American ships. France had seized about five hundred American ships as well. America’s anger began to focus mainly on the British, even though France was also involved. This was because of the British policy of impressments. The British decided to capture American sailors, or draft them into the British navy. Also, in 1807, the commander of a British warship insisted on boarding and searching the United States naval frigate Chesapeake. When a United States captain refused to allow him onboard, the British killed three Americans and wounded eighteen. As a result, Jefferson convinced Congress to declare an embargo and ban exporting products to other countries. The Embargo Act of 1807 was eventually lifted in 1809 because it stifled American business. A group of young congressmen, known as the war hawks, were angered by the presence of Native Americans in the Indiana territory. Trobule began when General William Henry Harrison persuaded several Native American chiefs to sign away three million acres of tribal land to the United States government. A confederacy of Native Americans began to organize a fight for their homeland against intruding white settlers. This was lead by Shawnee Chief Tecumseh. Tecumseh’s brother lead the Shawnee in an attack on Harrison, but was defeated. When the war hawks found out that the confederacy was using arms from British Canada, they again called for war. James Madison, another Virginia Republican, declared war against Britain in 1812. He believed that Britain was trying to strangle American trade and weaken the American economy.

Discuss the Role Central Banks Have Played in Counteracting

Discuss the role central banks (e. g. Fed, Bank of England) have played in counteracting the effects of the financial crisis. Argue how the monetary policy mandate might change in the future to avoid such crises. As stated by Buiter (2008) the Central Bank has three main tasks. These are; ‘(1) the pursuit of macroeconomic stability; (2) maintaining financial stability and (3) ensuring the proper functioning of the ‘plumbing’ of a monetary economy'.The effectiveness of the Central Bank, during the financial crisis, will be discussed as well as how the Central Bank could change its monetary policies in order to avoid such a crisis in the future. The main focus will be on the Bank of England (BoE), the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve System (Fed). Each of the Central Banks have different objectives when it comes to monetary policy. The BoE concentrates on the target inflation set by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, which is 2 percent. The ECB has a similar objective although they can set target inflation themselves and it is usually just under 2 percent.The Fed on the other hand has two main aims; ‘maximum employment, stable prices' (Buiter 2008). When the crisis hit, the Central Banks made some attempts to counteract it. Firstly, they broadened their role as a lender of last resort. They started to include ‘liquidity support to non-deposit-taking institutions' (Blanchard, 2010). This allowed them to intervene either directly or indirectly with more companies. This occurred at the start of the crisis where overnight interest rates rose sharply in Europe leading to the ECB responding with a liquidity injection of ‘â‚ ¬94. 8 billion worth of overnight repos' (Cecchetti, 2008).The Central Banks went on to drop interest rates. The aim of this was to allow banks to receive short-term funding at lower interest rates as well as reducing the demand for inter-bank loans (Cecchetti 2008). The hope was that lower in terest rates would also encourage spending in the economy. However, This did not solve the problem. This is why the Fed decided to adopt a new policy where they introduced the Term Auction Facility (TAF). In America the Government debt was continuing to decline and there was a worry that the Federal Reserve would have to change their balance sheet management.The TAF allowed banks to bid for reserves at interest rates ‘below the primary lending rate available at the time' (Cecchetti 2008). The aim of this was to alleviate pressures in the long-term funding markets. This policy was also adopted by the ECB and BoE. A major problem which affected Central Banks in the North Atlantic region was that they made mistakes because they had not anticipated a financial crisis (Buiter 2008). The Fed cut its interest rates excessively due to political pressures and financial sector concerns.This over-reaction of the Fed was partly due to the fact that they are the least independent of the th ree central banks and, as a result, felt political and financial sector pressures leading to the over-reaction. If the Fed were to become more independent then such an over-reaction might not occur. One option for Central Banks is to take into account the exchange rate. During the financial crisis the exchange rate was extremely volatile, due to large shifts in cash flows, which lead to ‘large disruptions in activity' (Blanchard, 2010).These large fluctuations cause balance sheets of companies to become unpredictable and can damage the trade sector leading to the financial sector becoming more unstable. These fluctuations might be minimized if the Central Banks took exchange rates into consideration as well as the inflation rate when determining monetary policies. Exchange rates can, however, not become too stable as this can create ‘greater incentives for contract dollarization' (Blanchard, 2010). The financial crisis has shown that the zero bound nominal interest rates can cause huge problems.Hence, it can be argued that target inflation rate could be increased. If the inflation rate were to be increased to 4 percent for example, then this would allow them to lower nominal interest rates to zero and then the real interest rate could be lowered to as low as negative 4 percent . Conventional monetary policy could then ease monetary policy by more than it could with a lower inflation target (Mishkin 2011). However, raising the inflation rate could cause problems. It has been found that the economy remains stable if inflation rates are below 3 percent.Once the inflation rate is above this level people start to believe that the price level is not a credible goal for the Central Bank any more. This has occurred before in the United States leading the the great inflation in the 1970s (Mashkin 2011). Lastly Central Banks could use a price level target instead of the inflation target they use at the moment. Price level targeting has a major benefit which is that it is an automatic stabilizer. If demand where to drop this would cause a lower price level which would ead to the monetary policy raising the price level back to its target. This would cause a rise in inflation in the short run which would lower interest rates which would stimulate aggregate demand. There are, however, some problems when using price level targeting to determine monetary policy. Price level targeting can cause larger fluctuations in output as well as being harder to communicate to the public. The price level target would constantly be changing which is harder to explain the inflation target which remains constant.In conclusion it I have discussed how the Central Banks have tried to counteract the financial crisis. I have found that as well as coming up with innovative ideas such as the TAF to try to counteract the crisis, they have also made mistakes. There have also been some ideas as to how to change monetary policy, Such as price level targeting and raisi ng the inflation rate, in order to prevent such a crisis in the future. References: Blanchard, O. , Dell’Aricca, G. , Mauro, P. (2010), â€Å"Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy†, IMF Staff Position Note, http://www. mf. org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2010/spn1003. pdf Cecchetti, S. (2009), â€Å"Monetary Policy and the Financial Crisis of 2007-2008†, mimeo, http://fmwww. bc. edu/ec-j/Sems2008/Cecchetti. pdf Buiter, W. (2008), â€Å"Central banks and financial crises†, discussion paper series, http://eprints. lse. ac. uk/24438/1/dp619. pdf Mishkin, F. (2011), â€Å"Monetary Policy Strategy: Lessons from the Financial Crisis†, NBER Working Papers, https://mms. st-andrews. ac. uk/mms/module/2011_2/S2/EC2008/Content/Mishkin%20%282011%29%3A%20Monetary%20Policy%20Strategy/Mishkin2011. pdf

5 Things You Didnt Know About Using Et Al.

5 Things You Didnt Know About Using Et Al. 5 Things You Didnt Know About Using Et Al. The phrase et al. is an integral part of many referencing systems, but it is also commonly misused in academic documents. Read on to find out more! 1. What Does Et Al. Mean? The phrase et al. is Latin for et alia, which means and others. It is therefore used in some referencing systems when there are too many authors to name in a single citation. 2. When Should I Use Et Al.? This depends on the referencing system used by your college, so remember to check your style guide! In most systems, however, it should  only ever be used when you are citing a source with more than three authors. The exact number of authors required before you should use et al. varies between referencing systems. In addition, some systems only use this term for repeat citations of sources with several authors (with all authors named in the first citation). 3. Should I Use It in the Bibliography? Not usually. As above, this may depend on the referencing system youre using, but typically the only place to use et al. is in the main text of your document. This is because most referencing systems specify naming every author in the bibliography or reference list. Some systems make an exception to this rule if the work you are citing has more than six or seven authors. APA referencing, for instance, specifies listing the first six names for sources with more than seven authors, followed by an ellipsis and the final named author. For a journal article with ten named authors, then, APA would require naming the first sixth and the tenth in your reference list. You have to feel a little sorry for authors seven through nine. 4. Do I Need the Period After Al.? Yes! Al. is a shortening of alia and always  needs a period to show that the word has been shortened, in the same way that we use a full stop for etc. and other Latin phrases. 5. Do I Need to Capitalize the Et? No! It is not a proper noun and would not usually appear at the start of a sentence. As such, it would be odd to capitalize it. It can be tricky to get little details like this right all the way through your essay. As such, if you want some help checking it over, just get in touch! We can help with all aspects of your work, including  proofreading,  formatting and checking the consistency of your references.

Snows of Kilimanjaro Immortality at the Summit Essay Example

Snows of Kilimanjaro Immortality at the Summit Essay Example Snows of Kilimanjaro Immortality at the Summit Paper Snows of Kilimanjaro Immortality at the Summit Paper Mr. Callaghan ENG 4U 2011-10-27 Immortality at the Summit The story The Snows of Kilimanjaro is set in Africa where the characters are on a hunting trip. When the bearing on their truck breaks it leaves them unfortunately stranded. While on the trip Harry, the protagonist, acquires gangrene after he failed to apply iodine following the infection of a thorn scratch. The gangrene is eating away his leg and Harry is dying. Harry and his wife, Helen, are waiting for a rescue plane to come and save them but it is late. Harry can sense his death coming. This is when the realization sets in that he has run out of time and all the writing he planned to do will never get accomplished. As Harry lies on his death bed he experiences flashbacks of his life. All his flashbacks consist of great opportune moments where he could have written amazing stories but did not. He realizes he has failed as a writer and wasted his talent through his procrastination. Knowing he will die before morning he goes to sleep and dreams that the rescue plane has come to the camp and flies him to the top of Mountain Kilimanjaro where the summit is referred to as The House of God because a leopards carcass was discovered, frozen, at the top where it will be forever frozen, preserved and exist forever. Helen awakes in the night and goes over to him but he has passed away. I enjoyed Ernest Hemingways short story, The Snows of Kilimanjaro. I found it to be a unique and enjoyable story. Hemingway is a very creative writer and in this story he covers all three writing styles as he plays the roles of a story teller, enchanter and a teacher. He is a storyteller because as Harry dies he recalls and highlights for the reader several memories that tell tales of his journey through life. Hemingway is also a teacher because he teaches lessons in the book. As Harry lay dying after reminiscing about his flash back he regrets the way he was unable to record the stories of his life on paper. The lesson Hemingway teaches in this story is to live your life without regrets. Hemingway plays the role of the enchanter because he turns a rather boring story line into an intriguing and great short story. Harry lies dying in his cot where he doesnt move the entire story. The way Hemingway adds the flashbacks, his powerful and realistic use of dialogue, symbolism, and the dream at the end help transform this story from a basic and boring idea of a man who lie dying into a brilliant story. During this reading I developed sympathy for Harrys wife, Helen. Harry treats her very badly. Helen is a caring and kind person and he is very rude to her as he says things like â€Å"You bitch, you ritch bitch† (Hemingway 254) to her. She is willing to do anything he wants because she enjoys doing things that he enjoys. Harry says hurtfully to Helen he does not love her and he implies she has been used in their marriage for her wealth when Harry says â€Å"Your damned money was my armour† (Hemingway 253). It bothers me that Harry could be so rude and disrespectful to his wife when she has been so caring and loving towards him. Helen deserved a much better husband than Harry. Another thing I liked from Hemingways story is his interesting use of symbolism through animals. In the story he uses the location of the vultures to correlate Harrys physical well being. Vultures started circling in the sky and as Harry weakens they moved to the ground. When death creeps even closer more vultures came. Hemingway uses a special writing style for Harrys flashbacks. He replaces several commas with â€Å"ands† with the aim of creating run on sentences. This style makes the reader feel as if they can visualize Harrys memories flashing quickly before their own eyes. â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† is an appealing story. It is well written and draws the reader in. Hemingways writing style is sure to attract and please many readers. Exploring some of Hemingways other works would certainly be worthwhile.

Abigail Dane Faulkner - Salem Witch Trials

Abigail Dane Faulkner - Salem Witch Trials Abigail Dane Faulkner Facts Known for:  convicted and sentenced but never executed  in the 1692  Salem witch trials; her pregnancy led to her sentence being suspendedOccupation:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"goodwife† - homemakerAge at time of Salem witch trials:  Dates:  October 13, 1652 – February 5, 1730Also known as: Abigail Faulkner Sr., Abigail Faulkner, Dane was also spelled Dean or Deane, Faulkner was also spelled Forknor or Falkner Family, Background: Mother: Elizabeth Ingalls Father: Rev. Francis Dane (1651 – 1732), son of Edmund Faulkner and Dorothy Raymond Husband: Francis Faulkner (Lieutenant), from another prominent Andover family, married October 12, 1675 Siblings: Hannah Dane (1636 – 1642), Albert Dane (1636 – 1642), Mary Clark Dane Chandler (1638 – 1679, 7 children, 5 alive in 1692), Elizabeth Dane Johnson (1641 – 1722), Francis Dane (1642 – before 1656), Nathaniel Dane (1645 – 1725, married to Deliverance Dane), Albert Dane (1645 - ?), Hannah Dane Goodhue (1648 – 1712), Phebe Dane Robinson (1650 – 1726) Children: Elizabeth, 1676 - 1678Elizabeth, 1678 - 1735, married John BurtrickPaul, 1680 – 1749, married Sarah Lamson and Hannah SheffieldDorothy, 1680 - 1740, married Samuel NurseAbigail, 1683 - 1746, married Thomas LamsonFrances, 1686 - 1736, married Daniel FaulknerEdmund, 1688 - 1731, married Elizabeth Marston, then Dorcas Buckston, then Dorothy RobinsonAmmi Ruhamah (â€Å"my people have obtained mercy†), March 20, 1693 - 1756, married Hannah Ingalls Her grandson Francis Faulkner fought in the Battle of Concord during the American Revolution, and was in charge of the regiment guarding prisoner of war General John Burgoyne. Abigail Dane Faulkner Before the Salem Witch Trials Francis Faulkner’s father in 1675 bequeathed his estate to his eldest son, Francis, the same year that Francis and Abigail married, when Abigail was 23 years old. The father died in 1687, and Francis inherited most of the rest of the estate, with only a small portion given to his sisters and brothers.   Thus Francis and Abigail were quite wealthy while young, and possibly envied by neighbors. Soon after his father died in 1687, Francis became very ill. He was afflicted with convulsions and mental symptoms affecting memory, leaving him often confused.   Abigail, then in her mid-30s, was therefore in control of the land, property and operation of the family farm. Abigail’s father had been the Andover minister for over 40 years when the trials began.   He had spoken against the likelihood of another charge of witchcraft in 1658. In the 1680s, he had successfully sued Andover residents in a salary dispute. Abigail Dane Faulkner and the Salem Witch Trials Rev. Dane is said to have criticized the witch accusations early in the proceedings in 1692.   This may have put his family members at risk. On August 10, Abigail Faulkner’s niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., was arrested and confessed. In her confession the next day, she mentioned using a poppet to afflict others.    Abigail was then arrested on August 11 and taken to Salem. She was examined by Jonathan Corwin, John Hathorne and Captain John Higginson. She was accused by Ann Putnam, Mary Warren and others. William Barker Sr. also accused Abigail and her sister, Elizabeth Johnson Sr., of enticing him to sign the devil’s book; he had named George Burroughs as the ringleader. George Burroughs was among those hanged on August 19.   Abigail refused to confess, saying the devil must be afflicting the girls, who reacted with fits when she was examined. On August 29, an arrest warrant was issued for Elizabeth Johnson Sr., Abigail’s sister, and Elizabeth’s daughter Abigail Johnson, eleven. Elizabeth’s son Stephen (14) may also have been arrested at that time. On August 30, Abigail Faulkner Sr. was  examined  in prison. She admitted to having had ill will towards the crowd of neighbors who taunted her niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., when she was arrested. The next day her sister Elizabeth was examined. She asserted that Abigail, who was also in court, would tear her to pieces if she confessed.   Elizabeth Sr. accused several others as witches as well, including saying that she was afraid that her son Stephen was also a witch. On August 31, both sisters, Abigail Faulkner and Elizabeth Johnson, confessed, including to have inflicted Martha Sprague. Abigail and her son both described a gathering where they were baptized by the devil.   Rebecca Eames  was also examined, a second time, and implicated Abigail Faulkner among others. Abigail’s nephew Stephen was examined on September 1; he confessed. Somewhere around September 8, two of the afflicted girls were called to Andover to determine the cause of an illness afflicting Joseph Ballard and his wife.   Neighbors were tested by blindfolding them and placing their hands on the afflicted persons; Deliverance Dane, a sister-in-law of Abigail Faulkner married to her brother Nathaniel Dane, was among those arrested and taken to Salem, where they confessed under pressure, still in shock at their arrest.   When they tried to recant, they were reminded that Samuel Wardwell had renounced his confession of September 1 and was later in September convicted and condemned to be executed.   A fragment of a record about Deliverance Dane’s confession is all the record that can be found of this; that confession under examination was on September 8. On September 16, Abigail Dane Faulkner’s daughter, Abigail Faulkner Jr., age nine, was accused. She and her sister Dorothy, twelve, were examined and confessed.   They stated that their mother had brought them to witchcraft, and named others: â€Å"thire mother apared and mayd them witches and also marth [a] Tyler Johanah Tyler: and Sarih Willson and Joseph draper all acknowlidge that they ware lead into that dradfull sin of witchcrift by hir meanse.† The next day, September 17, the court convicted Abigail Dane Faulkner, along with Rebecca Eames, Ann Foster, Abigail Hobbs, Mary Lacey, Mary Parker, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott and Samuel Wardwell, and they were condemned to be executed. On September 18, Ann Putnam testified to being afflicted by Abigail Faulkner Sr. on August 9.   A jury found Abigail guilty of afflicting Martha Sprague and Sarah Phelps, and condemned her to execution.   Abigail was pregnant, so the sentence was delayed. Martha Corey,  Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott and Samuel Wardwell were hanged for witchcraft on September 22. It was the last hanging in the Salem witch trials. The  Court of Oyer and Terminer  stopped meeting. Abigail Faulkner Sr.  After the Trials Dorothy Faulkner and Abigail Faulkner Jr. were released on recognizance on October 6 to the care of John Osgood Sr. and Nathaniel Dane, Abigail Dane Faulkner’s brother.   On the same date, Stephen Johnson, Abigail Johnson and Sarah Carrier were released.   Each release cost 500 pounds. On October 18, 25 citizens, including Rev. Francis Dane, wrote a letter condemning the trials, addressed to the governor and the General Court. Abigail Dane Faulkner petitioned the governor for clemency in October.   He had her released her from prison.   She claimed that her husband’s illness and gotten worse and that no one could watch their children. In early January, Abigail’s father, the Rev. Francis Dane, wrote to fellow ministers that, knowing the people of Andover where he served as senior minister, I believe many innocent persons have been accused and imprisoned. He denounced the use of spectral evidence. A similar missive signed by 41 men and 12 women of Andover was sent to the Salem court. Several of Rev. Danes family had been accused and imprisoned, including two daughters, a daughter-in-law and several grandchildren. Two of his family members, his daughter Abigail Faulkner and his granddaughter Elizabeth Johnson, Jr., had been sentenced to death. Another undated petition to the Salem court of Assize, probably from January, is on record from more than 50 Andover â€Å"neighbors† on behalf of Mary Osgood, Eunice Fry, Deliverance Dane, Sarah Wilson Sr. and Abigail Barker, asserting their innocence, good character and piety, and protesting the pressure placed on them to confess. A petition dated March 18 was submitted by residents of Andover, Salem Village and Topsfield on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Easty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth How and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   Among those who signed were Francis and Abigail Faulkner and Nathaniel and Francis Dane (see timeline for the complete list of signers). On March 20, 1693, Abigail gave birth to her last child, and named him Ammi Ruhamah, meaning â€Å"my people have obtained mercy,† in honor of her release from her conviction and escape from execution. In 1700, Abigail’s daughter, Abigail Faulkner Jr., asked the Massachusetts General Court to reverse her conviction.   In March of 1703 (then called 1702), residents of Andover, Salem Village and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Easty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth How and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants. In June of 1703, Abigail Faulkner petitioned the court in Massachusetts to exonerate her of the charge of witchcraft. The court agreed, ruling that spectral evidence could no longer be considered, and ruled that a bill of attainder be drawn up to reverse her conviction.   In May of 1709, Francis Faulkner joined with Philip English and others to submit yet another petition on behalf of themselves and their relatives, to the Governor and the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay Province, asking for reconsideration and remuneration.   (Given Francis’ illness, it is possible that Abigail Faulkner actually arranged his participation.) 1711: The  legislature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay  restored all rights to those who had been accused in the 1692 witch trials. Included were Abigail Faulkner, George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and  Martha Corey,  Rebecca Nurse,  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How,  Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker,  Martha Carrier, Anne Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury and Dorcas Hoar. Motives Motives for accusing Abigail Faulkner could include her position of wealth and the fact that, as a woman, she had unusual control over property and wealth.   Motives could also include her father’s known critical attitude towards the trials; in all, he had two daughters, a daughter-in-law and five grandchildren caught up in the accusations and trails. Abigail Dane Faulkner in  The Crucible Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem witch trials, The Crucible. Abigail Dane Faulkner in  Salem, 2014 series Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in the Salem TV series.

I WILL TALK THIS IN DETAIL (this is not a topic) Thesis

I WILL TALK THIS IN DETAIL (this is not a topic) - Thesis Example of garbage in landfills pose dangers not just because of the formation of noxious gases but also the possibility of burying anyone alive if the pile becomes too heavy. Due to the many problems caused by the use of conventional, limiting and non-renewable resources to produce products, the environment faces challenges that may soon be the cause of the ruin of man. However, by carefully planning the methods and actions of manufacturing as well as the use of other alternative methods in the production of items, with the idea of being as eco-friendly as possible, the output of large amounts of industrial wastes can be lessened, and even be reversed. In the book entitled â€Å"Cradle to Cradle†, authors William McDonough and Michael Braungart were able to show through various theories and practical applications on how to create industries that sustain life and the environment, as well as being able to reuse resources and reduce production costs while maintaining product quality. One thing special about the two authors is that they have truly put their hearts and minds to the concept that they have s strong belief in, even their book itself is not made of paper, but rather of a special kind of plastic that contains inorganic resin, making the book strong, smudge-proof as well as waterproof. By making their book as such, the authors were able to prove a point that yes, the concept of sustainability and being friendly to the earth and the ecosystems can be possible, with planning. The concept of cradle-to-cradle is the brainchild of the environmental advocacy of the authors to promote renewable, sustainable and ecological-friendly industries. Instead of following the usual method of using non-renewable and non-sustainable resources, following the old opportunistic design of industries, as well as following the traditional methods of manufacturing that keeps using raw materials but rarely recycles anything else, by following the authors’ methods of using

Human Health and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Human Health and the Environment - Essay Example The differences between the two diseases are their lifetime immunity which Malaria has but the same cannot be said for yellow fever. Malaria is characterized by â€Å"uncontrollable shaking† while â€Å"Yellow fever is characterized by weakness and dizziness†.(Pinheiro & Rosa Ap, 1978) C. Why are yellow fever and malaria not threats at present in North America? The reason that both of these viruses are no longer present in United States of America is because of the fact that government has initiated vaccination programs, which has made it possible to eradicate both these diseases from the U.S and there is â€Å"strict laws for vaccination of immigrants and travelers coming from countries where malaria is still present and also for tourists travelling from US to abroad†. (Kilpatrick et al, 2006) D. Why is malaria such a significant hazard in Africa? Malaria is a serious hazard in Africa because of the fact that health care in Africa is virtually non-existent. Ther e are NGO’s and non-profit organizations working with African governments to eradicated diseases like HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Yellow Fever but to no avail because of the â€Å"corruption and lack of awareness among the African populace about these diseases†. ... E. Why does the number of West Nile virus cases in people increase in warmer weather? (1 points) Because the Mosquitoes gather the virus in early fall that is why the spread of this virus is most common in warm weather or summer. (Kilpatrick et al, 2006) 2. Write a criticism of the following proposition: â€Å"Although it is impossible to measure the gains exactly, a moderately warmer climate...†¦and reduced outlays for clothing†. It is unrealistic in a sense that climate cannot be changed until and unless the above proposition is supporting global warming. For the American people, they have become acquainted to the cold climate that befalls on the North American Continent. Even though a warmer climate would lead to fewer diseases but in the long run it is unrealistic. To decrease the ratio of sick people, it is necessary that people take vaccination, live and eat hygienically and as the saying goes, â€Å"Prevention is better than cure† should be given priority. L ooking at the concept of warm and cold weather, people in cold countries are less sick as compared to people warm countries i.e. India, China, and Pakistan etc. It’s not about how less people get sick depending on the climate it’s about the precaution and prevention they do. Most of us spend winter trying to stay heated, but a little bit of experience of cold weather may not be such a bad factor. There are two types of fat in an individual’s body: white-colored fat and brownish fat. Brown fat is the heat-producing, calorie-burning fat that infants need to control their individual body conditions. Most of it vanishes with age, but grownups maintain some brownish fat. A recent scientific research

Analyse and model engineering situations and solve problems using Math Problem - 1

Analyse and model engineering situations and solve problems using Ordinary differential equations - Math Problem Example This empirical observation coincides to the Newton’s Law of Cooling which states that â€Å"the rate of change of the temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the ambient temperature.† For instance, when a hot metal ball is placed in a bath of tap water at temperature of T0, it gradually cools. In this process which takes time to complete, naturally the metal ball gives off heat to the surrounding water so that the bath gets warm due to the heat released to it. However, as time proceeds, since the bath of water is open to the larger environment at T0, the system consisting of it and the material it contains would in time establish equilibrium with its environment. In which case, the Newton’s Law of Cooling applies such that, for the heated object being cooled within a room, the temperature of the hot body changes so that it approaches the room’s temperature which is T0. b. Formulate mathematical model for t he cooling process. According to Newton’s Law of Cooling with which the problem statement proves to be consistent, a first-order differential equation may be set up as follows: = -kT where ‘k’ refers to the constant of proportionality. The negative sign accounts for the difference in temperature since the object being cooled would have a lower final temperature compared to its initial temperature. Then on solving the equation: = -k Where Tf = final temperature difference T(t) - T0 Ti = initial temperature difference T1 - T0 Here, T0 = ambient room temperature T1 = initial temperature of heated object T(t) = temperature of the object (under cooling) at anytime ‘t’ So that upon evaluation of the integral, ln Tf - ln Ti = -kt By exponent property, ln = -kt ---? = ---? = Then, substituting expressions for Tf and Ti: ----? T(t) - T0 = (T1 - T0) 2. At time t = 0 water begins to leak from a tank of constant cross-sectional area A. The rate of outflow is pro portional to h, the depth of water in the tank at time t. Write the constant of proportion kA where k is constant. a. Analyse the tank leaking process. Since water leaks out of the tank from an initial height say h0 which corresponds to water volume of V(h0) in the tank, the finite change in this volume per unit change in time, beginning at t = 0 would be (?V/t). The tank is not being filled in so this merely represents the rate of water outflow which is proportional to the water depth in the tank. Essentially, the water depth may be expressed as the finite change in height h(t) - h0 as the water leaks out of the tank where h0 refers to the initial height in the tank and h(t) is the height of the water measured at any time ‘t’. b. Formulate mathematical model for the leaking process. The leaking process may be mathematically modelled as follows: = - k A ?h in which A pertains to the constant area of cross-section through water depth The factors kA serve as the constant of proportionality and the negative sign is used to signify the value of h(t) that is lower than h0. For depth ?h = h(t) - h0, it follows that ?V = V[h(t)] - V(h0). Thus, = -k A [ h(t) - h0 ] which on arranging yields to: Write conclusions based on your formulated mathematical model for leaking process. Task 2 – Learning Outcome 4.2 Solve first order differential equations using analytical and numerical methods. 3. Find the solution of the following equations: a. Separating variables, = t dt Integrating both sides, let u

Structuralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Structuralism - Essay Example The famous structuralists, like, Roman Jakobson, Roland Barthes, Claude Levi Strauss and Ferdinand De Saussure have made their contributions in justifying the fact that "a language speaks us". All of these structuralists have tried to develop the semiology or semiotics. These structuralists always took a language as a sign that reflects the thoughts of human being. The philosophies of structuralism were emerged prominently in the 20th century. The concepts that are provided by the structuralism hold more scope for making criticism. The most of the theories given by the structuralism include a margin of objectivity is the reason of the criticism. This objection is termed as the scientific objection. The structuralists tried to prove that we do not speak a language instead language speaks us. The fact is based on the thoughts that everything is produced as a result of some force or power, but the efforts of humans are not enough to produce anything. This statement has been made as a re sult of giving more attention towards the structures, patterns and the systems. (West, 170, 1996) The theories of structuralists are quite contradictory if they are compared with the theories developed by the humanists. Now, we are going to argue on the models developed for a language by the humanists as well as by the structuralists. The model that was presupposed and developed by the humanists states that the human minds are capable of understanding the real world. The human minds are rational and can get to everything that is seen. In the same manner, the rational human mind is able to portray and define the real world precisely up to some extent. This definition is given by making a use of some languages. The approach developed by the humanists relies on the fact that some of the languages are necessarily used for illustrating the real world. According to humanists, a language is the generation of the human minds. A language is totally generated by the will of human beings and no external force is involved in it. This theory suggests that an individual has the ability to decide what he wants to say. It clearly notifies the fact that we speak a language. It also defines the fact that the human minds are able to think and what to say. The human minds are also capable of understanding the meaning of the matter that has been uttered. No other external force is used by the human minds to speak. At this point, the theory of humanists regarding a language clearly denies the theory of structuralists. Every individual makes the use of a language for explaining the self essence or feelings. The individual here gets more value as in this case an individual represents the subject as well. The way of representing ideas and thoughts is also depending totally on an individual himself. Hence, the model considers the individual as the main element. All the meanings and concepts of a language are the generation of an individual's mind, and he is not being forced by any power to speak. So this theory suggests that we speak a language. (Martinez, 1, 1999) On the other hand, if the argument is made on the structuralists' model of a language that suggests

Reflective learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective learning - Essay Example In our class, I realized that I am a combined leaner -- visual and kinesthetic/tactile -- through learning styles modality preference inventory. When I study, I prefer writing and reading than listening. Also, I really prefer to take notes with diagrams and tables; hence, I expected I am a visual learner. However, I did not know I am a kinesthetic/tactile leaner. Come to think of it, I usually use my hands when describing things and I have to write and write to memorize. Also, I like rewriting to organize what I learned in class. In our class, I had a chance to observe that my classmates are also different types of learners. Some of them already knew what type they are and other didn’t know about it. I realize that it is indeed important to grasp what my learning style is. It is definitely helpful in efficient learning. As a teacher, it is important to find out what kind of style my students have as well, because students would have different learning style like we do. In addi tion, after finding out, I would have to prepare teaching method for my students. If there are many students, of course it might be difficult to satisfy each student’s learning style. However, I - as a teacher – must figure out what the best teaching is to fit all kinds of learning

Structuralism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Structuralism - Essay Example The famous structuralists, like, Roman Jakobson, Roland Barthes, Claude Levi Strauss and Ferdinand De Saussure have made their contributions in justifying the fact that "a language speaks us". All of these structuralists have tried to develop the semiology or semiotics. These structuralists always took a language as a sign that reflects the thoughts of human being. The philosophies of structuralism were emerged prominently in the 20th century. The concepts that are provided by the structuralism hold more scope for making criticism. The most of the theories given by the structuralism include a margin of objectivity is the reason of the criticism. This objection is termed as the scientific objection. The structuralists tried to prove that we do not speak a language instead language speaks us. The fact is based on the thoughts that everything is produced as a result of some force or power, but the efforts of humans are not enough to produce anything. This statement has been made as a re sult of giving more attention towards the structures, patterns and the systems. (West, 170, 1996) The theories of structuralists are quite contradictory if they are compared with the theories developed by the humanists. Now, we are going to argue on the models developed for a language by the humanists as well as by the structuralists. The model that was presupposed and developed by the humanists states that the human minds are capable of understanding the real world. The human minds are rational and can get to everything that is seen. In the same manner, the rational human mind is able to portray and define the real world precisely up to some extent. This definition is given by making a use of some languages. The approach developed by the humanists relies on the fact that some of the languages are necessarily used for illustrating the real world. According to humanists, a language is the generation of the human minds. A language is totally generated by the will of human beings and no external force is involved in it. This theory suggests that an individual has the ability to decide what he wants to say. It clearly notifies the fact that we speak a language. It also defines the fact that the human minds are able to think and what to say. The human minds are also capable of understanding the meaning of the matter that has been uttered. No other external force is used by the human minds to speak. At this point, the theory of humanists regarding a language clearly denies the theory of structuralists. Every individual makes the use of a language for explaining the self essence or feelings. The individual here gets more value as in this case an individual represents the subject as well. The way of representing ideas and thoughts is also depending totally on an individual himself. Hence, the model considers the individual as the main element. All the meanings and concepts of a language are the generation of an individual's mind, and he is not being forced by any power to speak. So this theory suggests that we speak a language. (Martinez, 1, 1999) On the other hand, if the argument is made on the structuralists' model of a language that suggests

The history of south africa between 1650 and 1913 Essay

The history of south africa between 1650 and 1913 - Essay Example The Dutch colony in South Africa, established after their arrival in 1652, was â€Å"accidental† (Keegan 15). The Dutch had initially intended South Africa to be no more than a trading post. They hoped that they would be able to trade with the native population to ensure supplies for their ships. However, this arrangement did not work out as well as the Dutch had planned and a decision to colonise the area was made. In order to do this, the Dutch came into conflict with the Khoikhoi natives through colonising their land. This act of force was met with heavy native resistance (Ross 22-23). The first Khoikhoi-Dutch war began in 1659 and was ended with a treaty, acknowledging Dutch rights over the disputed territory. The Dutch had successfully exploited native tribal tensions despite low morale and limited numbers. The conflict did not end with the imposition of the treaty; in 1673 a four year war began as a result of the murder of white elephant hunters. At the end of the war, t he Dutch seized at least 1,765 Khoikhoi cattle and 4,930 sheep. Even though the Dutch never again declared war on the them, this was the beginning of the end for the Khoikhoi and they were forced to retreat to other areas (Frederickson 30-31). The second point to be analysed is the arrival of the British and how this impacted on the Dutch and the Bantu, with particular reference to the Xhosa. Like the Dutch, the British occupation in South Africa was not initially about colonisation. The first occupation, beginning in 1795, was a â€Å"temporary measure† aimed at preventing the French from gaining authority in the area and to â€Å"guarantee provisions and a safe harbor for Britains great Asian fleets† (Beck 42). Life in the colony continued as it had done prior to the British invasion, but there was significant concern about unrest in Eastern frontier

The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The Great Depression Essay The Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and rising levels of unemployment as failing companies laid off workers. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its nadir, some 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half of the countrys banks had failed. Though the relief and reform measures put into place by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high gear. Historical Importance of the Great Depression: The Great Depression, an immense tragedy that placed millions of Americans out of work, was the beginning of government involvement in the economy and in society as a whole. Dates: 1929 early 1940s Overview of the Great Depression: The Stock Market Crash After nearly a decade of optimism and prosperity, the United States was thrown into despair on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed and the official beginning of the Great Depression. As stock prices plummeted with no hope of recovery, panic struck. Masses and masses of people tried to sell their stock, but no one was buying. The stock market, which had appeared to be the surest way to become rich, quickly became the path to bankruptcy. And yet, the Stock Market Crash was just the beginning. Since many banks had also invested large portions of their clients savings in the stock market, these banks were forced to close when the stock market crashed. Seeing a few banks close caused another panic across the country. Afraid they would lose their own savings, people rushed to banks that were still open to withdraw their money. This massive withdrawal of cash caused additional banks to close. Since there was no way for a banks clients to recover any of their savings once the bank had closed, those who didnt reach the bank in time also became bankrupt. Businesses and industry were also affected. Having lost much of their own capital in either the Stock Market Crash or the bank closures, many businesses started cutting back their workers hours or wages. In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldnt stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed. The Dust Bowl: In previous depressions, farmers were usually safe from the severe effects of a depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the grass to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard. Even before the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. Banks would then foreclose on the small farms and the farmers family would be both homeless and unemployed. Riding the Rails :During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States. Unable to find another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but most hitchhiked or rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a thousand people applying for the same job. Those who werent lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown (known as Hoovervilles) outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was built out of any material that could be found freely, like driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The farmers who had lost their homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile. Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of Okies and Arkies. (The stories of these migrants to California were immortalized in the fictional book, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. ) Roosevelt and the New Deal: The U. S. economy broke down and entered the Great Depression during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression. Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as Hoover blankets, pockets of pants turned inside out (to show they were empty) were called Hoover flags, and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as Hoover wagons. During the 1932 presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup. Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration). The End of the Great Depression: To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero. They believed that he cared deeply for the common man and that he was doing his best to end the Great Depression. Looking back, however, it is uncertain as to how much Roosevelts New Deal programs helped to end the Great Depression. By all accounts, the New Deal programs eased the hardships of the Great Depression; however, the U. S. economy was still extremely bad by the end of the 1930s. The major turn-around for the U. S. economy occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the entrance of the United States into World War II. Once the U. S. was involved in the war, both people and industry became essential to the war effort. Weapons, artillery, ships, and airplanes were needed quickly. Men were trained to become soldiers and the women were kept on the homefront to keep the factories going. Food needed to be grown for both the homefront and to send overseas. It was ultimately the entrance of the U. S. into World War II that ended the Great Depression in the United States.

Importance of Community Health

Importance of Community Health Holly Bolick When it comes to healthcare and management, community health serves as a critical piece of the puzzle. Public or community health can be defined in a myriad of ways. In general, it is the portion of healthcare focused on protecting and improving the health of the whole population, which could be seen as entire country or a small town (CDC Foundation, 2017, para. 2). Community health proves to be a vital and necessary component of quality healthcare across the globe. While this definition is easily understood, one must also appreciate how community health differs from personal health. While personal health focuses on the individual, public health places emphasis on the health of a group as a whole. In other words, community health speaks to a broad realm of healthcare, while personal health has a more narrow concentration all the way down to a precise being. All of this is important to understand in regard to community health and public health assessments. Public Health Assessments A key way that public health is continually evaluated is through community health assessments. Definitively speaking, a community or public health assessment is meant to serve as an ongoing improvement process that functions to identify community wide health problems along with policy formation, execution of a solution, and evaluation (NACCHO, 2016, para. 1). This is a way for individuals to analyze if certain new changes or policies that involve community health are actually working. Public health assessments have many advantages. Not only do assessments help communities identify major health problems specific to a particular area, but they can also aid in identifying possible ways to address those problems. Each distinct community has different health issues and different resources to combat those issues. With that being said, it is important that all communities take part in public health assessments. Through data and research, it has also been found that community health improvement plans and health assessments lead to better public health actions and improved decision making (Rabarison, Timsina, Mays, 2015, p. 2526). Better health choices made by the public is the ultimate goal of community health assessments, therefore, their benefits, when done correctly, are excessive. Although the advantages are great, disadvantages are also possible. Unfortunately, many resources needed for accurate health assessments are limited, as well as the resources to implement change. In addition to this, when public health assessments are performed, sometimes changes need to be made. For example, if a public health assessment was conducted in a local area on chemicals in paint and they found a certain chemical needed to be eradicated in all types of paint, then this finding would cause some animosity. People who have used the certain paint would become upset and want to know what to do and businesses that made or sold the paint might face financial loss. While the assessment was necessary and the finding will eventually result in healthier paint, the initial stun of the discovery will be seen as an inconvenience. Even so, these assessments are necessary to the health of the community. Public Policy The overall purpose of a public health assessment is to identify a health problem and changes that need to be made in order to fix that problem. From these assessments that are implemented, public policy can be formed. Sometimes these policies can be established on a community level, while others may be state and federal mandated. The leader of a community may introduce a specific policy about smoking in public places, while the federal government may create a policy school lunches in response to childhood obesity. Either way, the information and data obtained from public health assessments is utilized to best create a policy that would target the problem and hopefully begin to eradicate it. Health Concerns and Legislations A major health concern in the United States that continues to be addressed today is that of smoking. While there are not any federal legislations specific to smoking in public places, there are many other laws that affect smoking in general and their sales. These legislations do work toward improving public health. With that being said, certain states do have laws restricting the use of tobacco in public places such as restaurants, parks, and so on. One recent federal legislation that stands out is the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. It is controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and requires warning labels on tobacco products, requires tobacco companies to submit necessary information to the FDA, forbids flavored tobacco products, and more (HHS.gov, 2017, para. 17). This legislation has already impacted every community in the United States. Warning labels for cigarettes are detailed and graphic. Advertisements for tobacco products are limited and controlled. Tobacco is now seen for all its detrimental effects instead of a typical pastime like it was in previous decades. The issue of smoking and how it affects the general public is continually being researched. America has had much progress in this area, but still has a long way to go. One can be certain that legislations in regards to smoking in order to benefit the public will continue to be made. Conclusion Public health is a subject that seems to be rising in importance in todays world. It has been found that the health of the general community as a whole does make a difference when it comes to individual health. With that being said, public health assessments help to identify concerns and address what could be done to fix them. These assessments can lead to community wide changes, as well as new federal legislations. It is important to be aware of public health concerns and why these assessments are so important. References CDC Foundation. (2017). Retrieved February 12, 2017, from https://www.cdcfoundation.org/content/what-public-health NACCHO. (2016). Community Health Assessment and Improvement Planning. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from http://www.naccho.org/programs/public-health-infrastructure/community-health-assessment?p=chachipgeneral HHS.gov. (2017). Laws/Policies. Retrieved February 14, 2017, from https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/laws/ Rabarison, K. M., Timsina, L., Mays, G. P. (2015). Community Health Assessment and Improved Public Health Decision-Making: A Propensity Score Matching Approach. American Journal Of Public Health, 105(12), 2526-2533. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302795

The Cosmogonic Cycle in Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

The Cosmogonic Cycle in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   The short novel Heart of Darkness tells a story just like any other heroic myth, except better. This novel rewards an educated reader. Many find the work to be extremely confusing, and actually quite dull. Though it is a complicated book, a reader is stimulated by the symbols and linguistics used by Conrad. The most noticeable is the flaw in the Cosmogony Cycle. This cycle is an integral part of every hero’s journey. An important step in the cycle, the second step in fact, is finding a guide, either spiritual or tangible. If one were to look hard enough in most works of canonical literature, he would find all the necessary components of the Cosmogonic Cycle on the protagonist’s journey, the travel into the underworld, confronting the father figure, meeting, and saving, a female prisoner, then the journey back into the conscious. A guide is there to lead the hero. He generally is a man or woman who has been on a similar journey and knows the pitfalls where the hero may f all. Without this figure in Marlow’s journey, he fell into the temptation of staying in the unconscious "evil" domain. Conrad never gave Marlow a guide, in essence, dooming him to fail his mission. At the beginning of the protagonist’s journey it seemed as though the "two women . . . knitting black wool" (Conrad 13) in the trading center office were there to foreshadow the mortal death of Marlow. One may have drawn this conclusion because this is an obvious reference to the women who knitted while watching aristocrats executed by the guillotine during the French Revolution. I believe it meant something much more deep. A good writer, one of Conrad’s caliber, does not place superfluous scenes, words, or phrases in his or her book. He writes only what he needs to write. With that in mind, because Marlow did not die at the end of his journey, therefore the women then had to represent something else. They foreshadowed the death of Marlow’s soul. They knew he was without a spirit guide because they were aware the Trading Company had not offered him one. They also knew Kurtz hadn’t had a guide either. There were multiple uses of the word soul in the final chapter, many of which talked of the inability for a man’s soul to escape the forest.

Jim Crow Laws :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jim Crow Laws The name for the Jim Crow Laws comes from a character in a Minstrel Show. The Minstrel Show was one of the first forms of American entertainment, which started in 1843. They were performed by successors of black song and dance routine actors. The first Minstrel Show was started by a group of four men from Virginia, who all painted their faces black and performed a small song and dance skit in a small theater in New York City. Thomas Dartmouth Rice, a white actor, performed the Jim Crow Minstrel Show. Rice was inspired by an old black man who sang and danced in Louisville, Kentucky (Clay, 1). The skit ended in the same chorus as the old black mans song which was â€Å"Wheel about and turn about and do jis so, Eb’ry time I wheel about I jump Jim Crow.† Rice’s song and dance got him from Louisville to Cincinnati to Pittsburgh to Philadelphia and then to New York City in 1832. Finally, Rice performed throughout Europe, going to London and Dublin, where the Irish especially liked Rice’s performance (http://www.sims.berkely.edu/courses/is182/paint167.html).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the north, slavery was just about non existent, so blacks could be seen free in a lot of cities in the north. In some cities even, blacks and whites lived together without a problem so segregation was not seen completely throughout America. Before 1890, segregation was not seen in most of the south, which was where 80 percent of the black population lived (Massey, 17- 20).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Segregation actually started in the north, but when it moved into the south, it became much worse (Woodward, 17). It was thought that segregation came along with slavery, but there were more reasons, like pure racism. Cities had ghettos where all of the blacks lived in a community, away from the whites. After slavery ended, the north did treat the blacks with more respect, but not much more. In the north, slaves could not be separated from their families and they could not be legally forced to work. Even though the blacks in the north were not slaves anymore, they were still treated poorly in some cases. Towards the end of the Civil War, the north was really showing their racism (Woodward, 21). Most hotels, motels and restaurants would not let blacks inside, so shortly after the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the blacks tested their rights on all sorts of public utilities. They did not, however, take advantage of these rights so they would be assured to keep them. The south still treated blacks with disrespect.

Is Routine Circumcision of Infants Ethical?

History of Circumcision: Reviewing the history of circumcision and the many misguided reasons for its practice will help form an understanding of the multifaceted issues concerning routine infant circumcision. Some of the earliest evidence of male circumcision comes from Egypt around the year 3000 BC. However, researchers studying this practice do not understand or agree on its purpose. Some researches believe that circumcision was a form of branding for slaves while others thought it to be from the priestly class as a form of religious ritual. But when is more pertinent to this argument is that the early Greeks and Romans outlawed male circumcision believing it to be a barbaric form of mutilation of male genitalia. The first documented purpose for circumcision is in the Old Testament Scriptures (Gen 17:10) concerning the covenant between Abraham and God, representative of the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. According to the governing doctrinal resource for Catholics worldwide, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the explanation for Old Testament circumcision is in section 1150. 1150 – †¦Among these liturgical signs from the Old Covenant are circumcision, anointing and consecration of kings and priests, laying on of hands, sacrifices, and above all the Passover. The Church sees in these signs a prefiguring of the sacraments of the New Covenant. † The circumcision of Jesus in the New Testament explains that when Jesus came, as the fulfillment of prophecy that the new covenant manifested through th e innocent blood of Jesus replaces once and for all the old covenant through Father Abraham. There is no longer a need for animal sacrifices and the early Christian community determined that baptism was to be the new sign of the covenant. â€Å"527- Jesus' circumcision, on the eighth day after his birth, is the sign of his incorporation into Abraham's descendants, into the people of the covenant. It is the sign of his submission to the Law and his deputation to Israel's worship, in which he will participate throughout his life. This sign prefigures that â€Å"circumcision of Christ† which is Baptism. Routine infant circumcision in the United States became prevalent in the Victorian age (1840) and reached its height during the Cold War (1940) when technology, hospitals, and modern medicine sought to institutionalize the birthing process. Including more than 90% of boys, infant circumcisions became so routine that doctors performed the procedure without actually receiving consent from the parents. Parents not desiring the process for their sons were considered negligen t. Given the history and the misguided reasons for practicing routine circumcision, â€Å"Why would a parent authorize, a doctor perform, or an insurance company pay for, the routine circumcision of infants? † A. Health Reasons- certainly it would be ethical to surgically remove the penis foreskin of a male infant if in some way it presented a health risk; there is no real argument here. B. Tradition-for generations, infants have undergone various procedures under the reasoning of â€Å"tradition. From binding feet in Japan (which has been banned) to piercing ears, and stretching necks, tradition plays a large part in the decision for circumcision. Many men, who like their own fathers were circumcised as infants, think that their child in turn might as well be circumcised too. However, is there any real thinking going on here at all? I argue that just because everyone else jumps off a bridge, is that any reason for you to jump off as well. Religious Beliefs- I would have to say yes, it is ethical to have a child circumcised if you are following a true religious belief. The parent who has legal authority over their child may choose (and in fact is morally obligated to choose) to do what they believe is in the best interest of the child. Therefore, for the Jews who believe that the outward sign of circumcision establishes their child in a covenantal relationship with God; they are well within their ethical right and responsibility to have their sons circumcised. Freedom of religion is one of the building blocks of our free nation. Circumcision mentality: Today thanks in part to our mass media; modern society is ruled by prevailing mentalities. These pervasive mindsets allure us to what appears to be the benefits of circumcision, while completely obscuring any possible negative ramifications. The mentality is permeated into societal norms, which are almost impossible to resist, and are most difficult to correct. An accepted societal mentality is further driven by force of habit. Among other things, we live in a society that assumes that a male infant in the United States is routinely circumcised. Seldom are discussions of the pros and cons of the procedure brought to the attention of the parent, unless the parent specifically requests it. Even then, the doctor may say, â€Å"It is not medically necessary but if the boys father has been circumcised, then you should probably have your son circumcised as well†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦or â€Å"you wouldn’t want him to look different than his friends when he becomes a high school student in the locker room. † Medical Ethics: When looking into medical ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates standard for medical professionals since 400 BCE shed some additional light onto the situation. From the Oath: â€Å"I do solemnly swear by whatever I hold most sacred, that I will be loyal to the profession of medicine†¦that I will exercise my art, solely for the cure of my patients and the prevention of disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, considering the Hippocrates oath, a routine circumcision of an infant male does not fall into the category of â€Å"†¦curing a patient, and the preventing of disease†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Why then would doctors perform such an unnecessary procedure Catholic Theological Ethics: As a student of Theology, from a Roman Catholic perspective I have yet to hear a discussion concerning the morality of circumcision. However after researching the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) under the subtitle â€Å"Mutilation of body parts† section 2297 reads, â€Å"Except when performed for strictly therapeutic medical reasons, directly intended amputations, mutilations, and sterilizations performed on innocent persons are against the moral law. † VI. Personal Ethics: Each parent possesses the God given right to make certain decisions on behalf of their young children who cannot make these decisions themselves. A good example is immunizations; no infant has the capability to make this decision, so the parent, in the child’s best interest makes the decision to have the child immunized. I am a mother of four sons, born in the years 1983, 1985, 1991 and 1992. Although the father of the boys was circumcised however, none of our boys is circumcised. To this day, none of them has ever had trouble of any kind, nor has it been an issue in the locker room. The decision to leave the boys as they were born, uncircumcised, was based on the fact that it was not a medical necessity, that anesthetic was not used (they had just been traumatized in birth), and that there was a possibility of complications from the procedure. Parents need to take a more proactive stance in researching the pros and cons of the procedure, and should spend at least as much time and energy on this decision as they do in picking out a new car! VII. Objective – If the objective of the National Organization of Circumcision of Infants Resource Center is to reduce the number of routine circumcisions performed, I believe that to pursue this objective through legal channels alone would be fruitless. Big government has more than enough authority in dictating to families what they can and cannot do for their children. Your best bet would be to lobby the insurance companies. Perhaps you could demand coverage for an elective surgical procedure such as having your breasts enlarged and when they tell you no that it is just a cosmetic or optional procedure, sue them for discriminatory practices. The last thing an insurance company wants is a class action lawsuit. It would be simple for them to simply take routine infant circumcisions off their list of covered procedures. In addition, a non-covered expense for an unnecessary procedure may prompt parents to give this issue closer consideration. D. Moral Law: Next, one must consider which law is the governing authority in your life. The Moral Law operates under a set of religious beliefs. Found within the moral law are the Jewish Law, and the Christian Law (for the sake of brevity we will not mention other religious groups here). The Jewish Law of Circumcision establishes a covenant between God and Abraham (Gen 17:10), representative of Yahweh and Israel. The Christian Law comes into effect with the birth of Jesus. Jesus becomes the new sign of the covenant, with the Baptism of infants as the effective cause. Concerning Civil Law under which all persons are bound; it has little criteria for establishing ethical arguments. One may ask questions of the law: if allowing an un-anaesthetized circumcision is lawful, and what recourse would a child have if the procedure causes permanent damage to the male organ but these are considered civil, not ethical. Additionally, why would an insurance company pay for such an unnecessary procedure (when so many don’t pay for many true necessities)? Perhaps it should be regarded as â€Å"elective surgery† and therefore it would be a charge paid for entirely by the parent requesting the procedure, not as an â€Å"ordinary and customary† procedure paid for by the insurance companies. However, the Hebrew people alone practiced the circumcision of infants on the 8th day after birth. The child’s father, using a flint knife, preformed circumcision

Cement Kiln Shell Welding

Cleaned the weld chamfers free from rust preventive coating. * Welded erection irons (20 Nos) on both sides of the joint & pulled the sections together by draw bolt. * Adjusting irons are welded in between the erection irons where shell overlap was found. * Checked the alignment of the shell with Piano wire arrangement. * Gap of 3mm maintained in between the shell joint. * Strong backs will be welded on one shell after initial alignment. * Took polar readings on either side of the joint & both ends of the Shells * Plotted polar diagrams and checked the eccentricity. Tolerances : * Eccentricity (radial run out ) must not exceed * +/- 1. 0 mm of the inlet & outlet rings * +/- 1. 5mm of the erection welds. * +/-1. 4mm of kiln section in the live ring. Axial untruth of live ring must not exceed +/- 1mm * After completion of alignment, weld the strong backs to the other side. Welding of Joint : * Clean the joint surface. * Preheat the joint area of shell ( 1m lg ) to 150 deg * Welding ele ctrodes are to be preheated * Complete the root run on the outer surface of the joint side with 2. 5mm electrode. * Next with 4mm electrode & then 5mm & 6 mm electrodes. Gouge & remove the root run weld from the inner surface of the joint, check with Dye penetrant for any cracks and start the root run inside. * Complete the inside welding. * Check the joint by Ultrasonic testing. * Importance of Pre-heating: * Preheating slows the cooling rate in the weld area. This may be necessary to avoid cracking of the weld metal or heat affected zone.* Hydrogen contributes to delayed weld and /or heat affected zone cracking, hence it is important to keep the weld joint free of oil, rust, paint, and moisture as they are sources of hydrogen. * Electrodes used ( 1-2 joint) : FLS 9721 : E 7018 (3. 15mm ) Bottom runs * FLS 9721 : E 7018 (4. 00mm) * FLS 9721 : E 7018 (5mm) * FLS 9732 : E 6027 for Cover Run * E 7018 E 6027 * Yield stress : 410-480360-410 N/sq. mm * Tensile strength :510-590 440-490 N /sq. mm * Elongation : 28% 27 * Impact (Charpy V) * +20deg c – approx. 14090 * Electrodes used (other joints) : * FLS 9727 : E 9018 (3. 15mm ) * FLS 9727 : E 9018 (4. 00mm) * FLS 9727 : E 9018 (5mm) * FLS 9727: E 9018 ( 6mm) E 9018: Yield stress : 490-590 N/sq. mm Tensile strength : 640-740 N/sq. mm Elongation : 25% Impact (Charpy V) +20deg c – approx. 180

Definition of security in info. sys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of security in info. sys - Essay Example A very important aspect of such information systems is the ability to protect the data and information obtained from unauthorized access, exploitation, addition, deletion, or modification. This is called as security of information system. Increased interconnectivity amongst various information systems has raised new issues and threats for the security of information systems. However it is based on some core principles. First of these is Confidentiality. It refers to protecting personal privacy, and proprietary information from unauthorized access, and disclosure. If sensitive information such as Card Number No., SSN No., company strategy, transactions data for the company, passwords etc. leaks to unauthorized people, it may lead to large level of misuse by the thief. Second core principle is Integrity which refers to preventing unauthorized information modification (addition, editing, and deletion). The integrity of data and information in an information system may suffer because in many cases like attack of virus/worms, hacking of websites, an employee being able to change sensitive corporate information etc. Another important principle of Information system is to make it reliably and timely accessible to correct users. This aspect of the IS is called availability. This also includes preventing a website from Denial-of-Service Attacks. Information system professionals have to protect their corporate IS from various threats. The first kind of threat that can harm the security of IS is hacking, which refers to obsessive or unauthorized use of company computer and network resources. Often employees or outside people make unauthorized use of network, and make fraudulent transactions. This is called as cyber theft. Employees may also use corporate computer and networks for purposes such as e-mail abuses, pornography, and moonlighting. This unauthorized use at work is called time and resource theft. Apart from these,

FDI Mode of Internationalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

FDI Mode of Internationalization - Essay Example Tutor Signature: Date: Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Foreign market entry modes 4 FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) 4 Exporting 4 Licensing or Franchising 5 Circumstances under which FDI is beneficial over exporting 5 Circumstances under which FDI is beneficial over licensing or franchising 6 Conclusion 7 Introduction Organizations or firms that operate in the international market place are required to make decisions that are related to the mode of entry in the international market place or foreign market. The following paper includes the discussion about the factors and issues that are faced for making the choice of the mode of international market entry. The organizations needs to analyze the potential factors and issues that impact the organization by selecting a particular mode of going international. Mainly the mode of going international includes the FDI (Foreign Direct Investments), franchising or licensing and exporting. The paper includes the factors or circumstances under which the organizations must prefer to internationalize via foreign direct investment rather than the other modes of internationalizations. Foreign market entry modes The modes to enter the foreign market differs with the degree of risk they present, the level of control and the commitment of resources the mode of internationalization require and also the return on investment they provide. There are different modes through which organizations can internationalize their business this mainly includes FDI, franchising or licensing and exporting (Stiglitz 2006). Each mode has certain advantages and disadvantages, which needs to be evaluated before selecting a mode of internationalization for business. The whole entry mode is divided into equity modes and non equity modes. The equity modes include FDI’S, joint ventures etc, while the non equity modes include exporting, franchising, or licensing etc (Bakan 2007). FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) In simple terms F DI can be defined as the investment process where residents of one nation or country acquire ownership of assets of the firm in some other country or nation for the purpose of controlling interest in the production, distribution and other activities. It can also be said to be as the acquisition of lasting interest in a firm operating in an economy other than the home economy or of the investor in order to have a hold in the management of the enterprise (Ravenhill 2008). The major factors explained in the definitions above include controlling interest. So the main factor that is included for the use of the FDI as a source of international investment over other modes of internationalization is the element of control on the policies and decisions of management (Zekiri and Angelova 2011). Exporting Exporting in simple terms can be said to be as the process of selling of goods and products or services produced in domestic country to other country. Exporting is done in the form of direct and indirect exporting. In indirect exporting the products are sold in the original or modified form from one nation to another, while in direct exporting includes selling of products and services directly through the use of direct distribution channels (Mosa 2012). Licensing or Franchising Under the franchising internationalization mode the organizations sells limited rights to the franchisees to utilize the brand name of the organization in return for a lump sum amount of payment and also with the